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Names of European cities in different languages (A)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.

There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time.[citation needed] In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago. In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdansk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev.[1]

English name Other names or former names
Denmark Aabenraa Aabenraa or Åbenrå (Danish*), Āběnlā – 阿本拉 (Mandarin Chinese), Abenra (Kabyle*), Åbenrå (Norwegian*), Åbenrå (Swedish*), AbenraАбенра (Macedonian), Affenråe or Affenrå (South Jutlandic), Àoběnluó – 奥本罗 (Simplified Chinese*), Àoběnluó – 奧本羅 (Traditional Chinese), Appenrade (French*), Ōbenrō – オーベンロー (Japanese*), Oben-ro – 오벤로 (Korean*), Obenro (Lithuanian*), Obenro (Azerbaijani*), ObenroОбенро (Serbian*), ObenróОбенро́ (Ukrainian*)
Germany Aachen Aachen (Alemannisch*, Bavarian*, Bosnian*, Breton*, Croatian*, Danish*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Hungarian*, Icelandic*, Ido*, Indonesian*, Interlingue*, Irish*, Kurmanji Kurdish*, Norwegian Bokmål*, Norwegian Nynorsk*, Northern Frisian*, Quechua*, Romanian*, Saterland Frisian*, Scots*, Scottish Gaelic*, Serbo-Croatian*, Silesian*, Slovak*, Slovene*, Swedish*, Turkish*, Upper Sorbian*, Volapük*, Welsh*, Zaza*), AhenАхен (Chechen*, Macedonian*, Serbian*, Tatar*, Kazakh*), Oche or Óche (Aachen dialect*, Ripuarian, Colognian*), Achen (Kashubian*), Aken (Dutch*, Low German*, West Frisian*, Zeelandic*), Cáchy (Czech*, old Slovak*), Aix-la-Chapelle (traditional English, French*), Āḵan – آخن (Arabic*, Persian*), Aquisgrana (Corsican*, Italian*, Lombard*, Sicilian*), Akhen – Ախեն or Aakhen – Աախեն (Armenian), Aaxen (Azerbaijani*), Akisgran (Basque*), ÁchienА́хен (Belarusian*), ÀhenА̀хен (Bulgarian*), Aquisgrà (Catalan*), Āhēn – 阿很 or Yàchēn – 亞琛 / 亚琛 (Chinese*), Akeno or Aĥeno (Esperanto*), Aakheni – აახენი (Georgian*), ÁachenΆαχεν (Greek*), AkyísgranonΑκυίσγρανον (Greek Katharevousa), Oakens (Gronings), Aachen – אאכן (Hebrew*), Aachen or Aquisgrano (Interlingua*), Āhen – アーヘン (Japanese*), Ahen – 아헨 (Korean*), Aquæ Granni, Aquisgrana, Aquis Granum, Aquisgranum or Urbs Aquensis (Latin*), Āhene (Latvian*), Achenas (Lithuanian*), Aoke (Limburgish*), Oochen (Luxembourgish*), Aquisgran, Aisgran or Ais d'Alemanha (Occitan*), Takn (Old Norse), А́henА́хен (Ossetic*), Akwizgran (Polish*), Aquisgrano or Aquisgrão (Portuguese*), ÁhenА́хен (Russian*), Aquisgrán (Aragonese*, Asturian*, Galician*, Spanish*), `ākhen – อาเค่น (Thai*), AáhenАа́хен (Ukrainian*), Åxhe (Walloon*)
Denmark Aalborg Aalborg (Danish*, German, Dutch, Norwegian*, Spanish), Álaborg (Icelandic*), AlborgАлборг (Serbian*), OlborОлбор (Bulgarian*), Ålborg (Swedish*), Oalbörg (Gronings), Olborga (Latvian*), Olborgas (Lithuanian*), Ōrubō – オールボー (Japanese*), Olboreu – 올보르 (Korean*), Àobǎo – 奥堡 (Mandarin)
Belgium Aalst Aals (Limburgish*), Aalst (Dutch*, German, English), Alost (French*, Spanish), AlóstiΑλόστη (Greek), AlstАлст (Macedonian, Serbian), Alstas (Lithuanian) Oilsjt (South Brabantian, used during Carnival*), Àosītè – 奥斯特 (Mandarin), Oalst (West Flemish)
Denmark Aarhus Aarhaus or Arenhusen (former German*), Aarhus (Danish*, Dutch*, Hungarian*, Norwegian*), Àoěrhúsī – 奥尔胡斯/奧爾胡斯 (Chinese*), Århus (alternative Danish, Finnish*, German*, Swedish*), Árósar (Icelandic*), Oarhoes (Gronings), Ōfusu – オーフス (Japanese*), ÓrchousΏρχους (Greek), Oreuhuseu / Orŭhusŭ – 오르후스 (Korean*), Orhus (Lithuanian*, Turkish), OrhusОрхус (Bulgarian*, Macedonian, Russian, Serbian*), Orhūsa (Latvian*), Aros or Aarhusium (Latin*)
France Abbeville Abavila (archaic Portuguese), Abbatis Villa (Latin), Abbeville (French*, Dutch*, German, Romanian*), AbevilАбевил (Serbian*), Abvil'Абвиль (Russian*), AbvilАбвил (Macedonian), Abvil (Turkish), Advil (Picard), Ābócūn – 阿伯村 (Mandarin)
United KingdomScotland Aberdeen Aberdea, Aberdona, Aberdonia*, Aberdonium, Aberdonum, Abredonia, Devana, Devanha or Verniconam (Latin*), AberdinАбердин (Russian*, Macedonian*, Serbian*), Aberdin (Turkish), Ābódīng – 阿伯丁 or Yàbódīng – 亚伯丁/亞伯丁 (Chinese*), Abadīn – アバディーン (Japanese*), Aiberdeen (Scots*), Obar Deathain (Irish), Obar Dheathain (Scottish Gaelic*)
Romania Adjud Adjud (Romanian*), Egyedhalma (Hungarian), AdžudАџуд (Macedonian, Serbian)
Romania Aiud Aiud (Romanian*), AjudАјуд (Macedonian, Serbian*), Nagyenyed (Hungarian*), Straßburg am Mieresch (German*)
France Aix-en-Provence Aikso Provenca (Esperanto*), Ais (Provençal), Ais de Provença (Catalan*, Occitan*, Portuguese*), Aix-en-Provence (Dutch*, French*, Romanian*, Finnish*), Aquae Sextiae (Latin*), Eksangpeurobangseu / Eksangp'ŭrobangsŭ – 엑상프로방스 (Korean*), Eks-an-ProvansЭкс-ан-Прованс (Russian*), Eks an ProvansЕкс ан Прованс (Serbian*), Eks-an-Provans (Turkish), Pǔluówàngsī de Āikèsí – 普罗旺斯的艾克斯/普羅旺斯的艾克斯 (Mandarin)
France Aix-les-Bains Aix-les-Bains (Dutch*, French*, Finnish*), Aquae Allobrogum, Aquae Gratianae or Aquae Sabaudiae (Latin*), Eks le BenЕкс ле Бен (Serbian*), Ekusureban – エクスレバン (Japanese*)
France Ajaccio Aiacciu (Corsican*), AiákioΑιάκειο (Greek), Ajaccio (Catalan cs:Ajaccio, Dutch*, French*, Finnish*, Italian*, Spanish*), Ajácio (Portuguese*), Ajačio – Ајачио or Ažaksio – Ажаксио (Macedonian), AjačoАјачо (Serbian*), Ajaksio – 아작시오 or Ayacho / Ayach'o – 아야초 (Korean*), Ajakushio – アジャクシオ (Japanese*), AyachchoАяччо (Russian*), Āyǎkèxiāo – 阿雅克肖 (Chinese*), Ayaçço (Turkish)
Slovenia Ajdovščina Castrum ad fluvium frigidum (Latin), Aidussina (Italian), Ajdovščina (Slovene*), AjdovščinaАјдовшчина (Serbian*), Haidenschaft (German)
Romania Alba Iulia Alba Iulia (Romanian*), Alba-Julia (French), Alba Júlia (Portuguese*), Alba JulijaАлба Јулија (Serbian*, Macedonian), Apulon (Dacian*), Apulum or Alba Iulia (Latin*), Bălgrad (former name*), Erdel Belgradı (Ottoman Turkish), Gyulafehérvár (Hungarian*), Karlsburg or Weißenburg (German*), Àobā Yóulìyà - 奥巴尤利娅/奧巴尤莉雅 (Mandarin)
Spain Albacete Albacete (Dutch, Indonesian, Finnish, German, Spanish*), Albacète (French), al-Basīt – البسيط (Arabic*), Albaset – Албасет (Macedonian), AlbaseteАльбасете (Russian*), AlbaseteАлбасете (Serbian*), Arubasete – アルバセテ (Japanese*)
Greece Alexandroupolis Alejandrópolis (Spanish), AlexandhroúpolisΑλεξανδρούπολις (Greek Katharevousa), Aleksandropolis (Finnish), Aleksandrupolis (Lithuanian), AleksandrupolisАлександруполис (Macedonian, Russian, Serbian*), AleksandrupolisАлександруполіс (Ukrainian*), Alessandropoli (Italian), Alexandropolis (Latin*), Alexandrópolis (Portuguese*), AlexandhroúpoliΑλεξανδρούπολη (Greek*), Alexandrúpoli (Catalan), Dedeağaç (Turkish*), Dedeagatch (former name*), Dedeagh (former French*), Yàlìkèshāndéluóbólìsī/Āléikésāndélǔpōulìsī - 亚历克山德罗波利斯/阿雷克三德鲁剖利斯 (Mandarin)
Spain Algeciras Al-Jazeera Al-Khudra (Arabic*), Algeciras (Dutch, Finnish*, German, Spanish*), Algesiras (Lithuanian), Algésiras (French*), Algesires (Catalan*), AlhesirasАлхесирас (Macedonian, Serbian*), Al'khesirasАльхесирас (Russian*), Àohéxīlāsī - 奥和西拉斯 (Mandarin)
Italy Alghero AlgeroАлгеро (Macedonian, Serbian*), Alghero (Finnish*, Italian*), Alĝiro (Esperanto), Algueiro (Portuguese, rare*), Alguer (Spanish*), Alguero (Ladino*), L'Alguer (Algherese dialect*, Catalan*, Gallego*, Occitan*), L'Aliera (Sassarese language*), S'Alighèra (Sardinian*)
Spain Alicante Ákra LeukáἌκρα Λευκά, Ákra LeukḗἌκρα Λευκὴ or Leukḕ ÁkraΛευκὴ Ἄκρα*, LoukéntoiΛουκέντοι or LoúkentonΛούκεντον (Ancient Greek*),[2] al-Laqant – اللقنت (Arabic*), Alacant (Catalan*), Alakanto (Esperanto*), Alicante (Dutch*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Spanish*), AlikánteΑλικάντε or AlakántΑλακάντ (Modern Greek*), Alikante (Ladino*, Latvian*), Alikantė (Lithuanian*), AlikanteАликанте (Macedonian, Russian*, Serbian*), Lucentum (Latin*), Ālìkǎntè - 阿利坎特 (Mandarin)
Spain Almería al-Mariyya (Ancient Arabic), Almeria (Catalan, Portuguese*), Almería (Spanish), Almeria (Portuguese), AlmerijaАлмерија (Serbian*), Al'meriyaАльмерия (Russian*), Urci (Latin), Ā'ōuméilìyà - 阿欧梅利亚 (Mandarin)
Lithuania Alytus Alīta (Latvian), Alite (Yiddish), AlitusАлитус (Serbian*), Allituseu / Allit'usŭ – 알리투스 (Korean*), Olita (Polish), OlitaОлита (Russian)
Sweden Älvdalen Älvdaelie (Southern Sami), Älvdalen (Swedish), Övdaln (Elfdalian), Tjyörtjbynn (Elfdalian alternate)
Sweden Älvsbyn Älvsbyn (Swedish), Ientjaválle (Lule Sami), Inčaválli (Northern Sami), Inntjáválle (Pite Sami)
Netherlands Amsterdam Aemstelredamme or Amstelredam (former Dutch), Amseutereudam / Amsŭt'erŭdam – 암스테르담 (Korean*), Amstardam (Irish), Amstardām – أمستردام (Arabic*), Amstelodamum (Latin*), AmstelodhámonΑμστελόδαμον (Greek Katharevousa), Amsterdam (Azeri*, Catalan*, Croatian*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, French*, German, Indonesian*, Italian*, Limburgish*, Maltese, Polish*, Romanian*, Scottish Gaelic*, Swedish*, Tagalog*, Turkish*, West Frisian*) AmsterdamАмстердам (Bulgarian*, Macedonian, Russian*, Serbian*, Ukrainian*), Amsterdam – אמסטרדם (Hebrew*), Ámsterdam (Spanish*), ÁmsterdamΆμστερνταμ (Greek*), Amsterdam – אַמסטערדאַם (Yiddish*), Amsterdama (Latvian*), Amsterdamas (Lithuanian*), Amsterdamo (Esperanto*), Âmesterdâm – آمستردام (Persian), Amsterdão, Amsterdã or Amesterdão (Portuguese*), Amsterodam (Czech*), Amstyerdam – Амстэрдам (Belarusian*), Amszterdam (Hungarian*), Āmǔsītèdān – 阿姆斯特丹 (Chinese*), Amusuterudamu – アムステルダム (Japanese*), Mokum or Mokum Aleph or Groot-Mokum (Yiddish, informal*)
Italy Ancona Ancona (Croatian, Dutch, German, Italian), Ancône (French*), Ānkēnà – 安科納/安科纳 (Chinese*), AnkónaΑγκώνα (Greek), Ankōna – アンコーナ (Japanese*), Ankona / Ank'ona – 안코나 (Korean*), Ankona (Maltese, Polish*), AnkonaАнкона (Russian*, Serbian*), Jakin (older Croatian*)
Germany Anklam Anclam (former German spelling*), Anklam (German*), AnklamАнклам (Macedonian, Serbian), Nakło nad Pianą (Polish*), Tanglim or Wendenburg (older German*)
Belgium Antwerp Amberes (Spanish*), AmvérsaΑμβέρσα (Greek), Anteubereupeon / Ant'ŭberŭp'ŏn – 안트베르펀 (Korean*), Āntèwèipǔ – 安特衛普/安特卫普 (Chinese*), Antorf (former German*), Antowāpu – アントワープ (Japanese*), Antuairp (Irish), Antuérpia (Portuguese*), AntverpenАнтверпен (Macedonian, Russian*, Serbian*, Ukrainian*), Antverpen – אנטוורפן (Hebrew), Antverpenas (Lithuanian), Antverpene (Latvian), Antverpeno (Esperanto*), Antverpy (Czech, Slovak), Antwaarp (Gronings), Antwerpe (neighbouring dialect, Limburgish), Antwerpen (Croatian*, Dutch*, Estonian*, Finnish*, German*, Hungarian*, Norwegian*, Swedish*), Antwerpia (Polish*), Antwīrb (Arabic), Anveres (Ladino), Anvers (French*, Catalan*, Romanian*, Turkish*), Anversa (Italian*), Anviesse (Walloon)
Italy Aosta Aosta (Italian*), Aoste* (French), Aousta (Piedmontese), Aoûta (Arpitan), Augschtal (Walser German), Osten (German, obsolete)
Italy Aquileia Ākuíláiyà – 阿奎萊亞/阿奎莱亚 (Chinese*), AkvilejaАквилеја (Macedonian, Serbian*), Akvilia (Finnish), Akwileja (Polish*), AkyliíaΑκυληία or AkouiliíaΑκουιληία (Greek*), Aquilea (Spanish), Aquileia (Italian*, Portuguese*, Catalan, Romanian), Aquilea, Aquileia, Aglar(-n) or Agley (German*), Aquilée (French*), Aquilee (Friulian*), Oglej (Slovene*)
Sweden Åre Ååre (Southern Sami), Åre (Swedish), Orė (Lithuanian)
Sweden Arjeplog Aarjepluevie (Southern Sami), Árjapluovve (Pite Sami alternate), Árjeluovve (Pite Sami alternate), Arjeplog (Swedish), Árjepluovve (Lule Sami, Pite Sami), Árjepluovvi (Northern Sami), Árjiepluövvie (Ume Sami)
Russia Arkhangelsk Arcangel (Portuguese*), Arcangelo (Italian*), Archandělsk (Czech*), Archangel (former English), ArchángelosΑρχάγγελος (Greek*), Arkhànguelsk (Catalan), Arcàngel (old Catalan), Archangelsk (Dutch*, German*), Archangelsk – ארחנגלסק (Hebrew*), Archangelskas (Lithuanian*), Archangeľsk (Slovak*), Archangielsk (Polish*), Areuhangelseukeu / Arŭhan'gelsŭk'ŭ – 아르한겔스크 (Korean*), Arhangelsk (Croatian*, Estonian*), ArhangelskАрхангелск (Macedonian*, Serbian*), Arhangeļska (Latvian*), Arhangelszk (Hungarian), Āěrhàngéěrsīkè – 阿爾漢格爾斯克/阿尔汉格尔斯克 (Chinese, phonetic*), Dàtiānshǐ - 大天使 (Mandarin, lit.), Arhanghelsk (Romanian*, Turkish*), Arjángelsk (Spanish*), Arkángel (variant in Spanish*), Arkangeli (Finnish*), Arkangelsko (Esperanto*), Arkhangel (French*), Arkhangel'skАрхангельск (Russian*), Arxangelsk (Azeri*), Sint-Michiel (Dutch, antiquated*)
Belgium Arlon Aarlen (Dutch*), Arel (German*, Luxembourgish*), Arlon (French*, Finnish*), ArlonАрлон (Macedonian*, Russian*, Serbian*)
Netherlands Arnhem Ānàmǔ – 阿納姆/阿纳姆 (Chinese*), Arnheim (German*), Arnhem (Croatian*, Dutch*, French*, Polish *), Arnhem – Арнхем (Macedonian*), Ārnhema (Latvian*), Arnhim (West Frisian*), ArnemАрнем (Serbian*), Ernem (local dialect)
France Arras ArasАрас (Macedonian*, Serbian*), Arasu – アラス (Japanese*), Arazzo (medieval Italian*), Arracht (Gronings), Arràs (Catalan), Arras (French*, German*, Italian*, Portuguese*, Romanian*, Swedish*), Atrecht (Dutch*), Āhā – 阿哈 (Mandarin)
Sweden Arvidsjaur Aerviesjaevrie (Southern Sami), Árvehávvre (Pite Sami), Árvesjávri (Northern Sami), Árvesjávrre (Lule Sami), Arvidsjaur (Swedish*), Árviesjávrrie (Ume Sami)
Germany Aschaffenburg Ašafenburg – Ашафенбург (Macedonian*, Serbian), Aschaffenbourg (French*), Aschaffenburg (Dutch*, German*, Catalan), Aschaffenburgo (Spanish*), Āshāfēnbǎo - 阿莎芬堡 (Mandarin)
Sweden Åsele Åsele (Swedish), Sjeltie (Southern Sami)
Italy Assisi Ascesi (medieval Italian*), Asís (Spanish*), Āxīxī – 阿西西 or Yàxīxī – 亞西西 (Chinese*), Asisi – 아시시 (Korean*), Asisi (Romanian*), Asisi – Асиси (Macedonian*), AsiziАсизи (Serbian*), Asizo (Esperanto*), Assis (Portuguese*), Assís (Catalan), Assise (French*), Assisien (older German*), Assisië (older Dutch*), Assisi (Dutch*, Italian*, Maltese), AssíziΑσσίζη (Greek*), AssiziАссизи (Russian*), Asyż (Polish*)
Russia Astrakhan an Astracáin (Irish), Aseuteurahan / Asŭt'ŭrahan – 아스트라한 (Korean*), Ästerxan (Tatar*), Astracã (Portuguese*), Astracanum (Latin*), Astrachan (Dutch*, German*), Astrachań (Polish*), Astrachán (Slovak*), AstrachánΑστραχάν (Greek*), Astrahan (Croatian*, Estonian*, Finnish*, Turkish*), AstrahanАстрахан (Serbian*), Astraĥano (Esperanto*), Astraján or Astracán (Spanish*), Astrakhan (French*, Italian*), AstrakhanАстрахань (Russian*), Âstrâkhân – آستراخان (Persian), Asutorahan – アストラハン (Japanese*), Asztrahány (Hungarian*), Hâjitarkhân – حاجیترخان (former Persian), Həştərxan (Azeri*), Xacitarxan (former Tatar), Āsītèlāhǎn – 阿斯特拉罕 (Chinese*)
Greece Athens Afina (Azeri*), AfinyАфины (Russian*), Afiny – Афіни or (old form) AtenyАтени ((Ukrainian*)), An Aithin (Irish*), An Àithne (Scottish Gaelic*), Ateena (Estonian*, Finnish*), Aten (Norwegian*, Swedish*), Aten – אַטען (Yiddish*), Atena (Croatian*, Indonesian*, Romanian*), Atėnai (Lithuanian*), Atenas (Ladino, Portuguese*, Spanish*, Tagalog*), Atēnas (Latvian*), Atene (Frisian*, Italian*, Slovene*), Atene – アテネ (Japanese*), Atene / At'ene – 아테네 (Korean*), Atenes (Catalan*), Ateni (Maltese), Atenk – Աթենք (Armenian*), Ateno (Esperanto*), Ateny (Polish*), Atény (Czech*, Slovak*), Athen (Danish*, German*, Norwegian*, Welsh*), Athén (Hungarian*), Atena (Icelandic, rare*), Athenae (Latin*), AthḗnaiἈθῆναι (Ancient Greek), Athene (Dutch*, Limburgish*), Athènes (French*), Athény (alternate Czech*), AthínaΑθήνα (Greek*), AthíneἈθῆναι (Greek Katharevousa), Atīnā (Arabic), AtinaАтина (Bulgarian*, Macedonian*, Serbian*), Atina (Turkish*), AtinciАтинци (Bulgarian alternate name), Atuna – אתונה (Hebrew*), Aþena (Icelandic*), Cetines (Old Catalan), Yǎdiǎn – 雅典 (Chinese, simplified*)
Republic of Ireland Athlone Baile Átha Luain (Irish*), AtlonАтлон (Serbian*)
Germany Augsburg Ágosta (old Hungarian), Ágsborg (Icelandic*), Àogésībǎo – 奧格斯堡 (Chinese*), ÁougsbourgΆουγκσμπουργκ (Greek*), Augsbourg (French*), Augsburg (Dutch*, German*, Finnish*, Hungarian, Polish*, Catalan*, Romanian*, Turkish*), AugsburgАугсбург (Macedonian*, Russian*), Augsburg – אוגסבורג (Hebrew*), Augsburga (Latvian*), Augsburgo (Portuguese*, Spanish*), Aŭgsburgo (Esperanto*), Augšpurk or Aušpurk (Czech*), AugzburgАугзбург (Serbian*), Augusta (Italian*), Augusta Vindelicorum (Latin*), Aukusuburuku – アウクスブルク (Japanese*), AvgústaΑυγούστα (alternate Greek*), Oogsborg (Low Saxon)
Germany Aurich Aurich (German), Auerk (Low German, Saterlandic), Aurich – אאוריך (Hebrew), AurihАурих (Serbian*), Auwerk (Gronings, West Frisian)
Ukraine Avdiivka AvdeyevkaАвде́евка (Russian), Avdijivka - Авді́ївка (Ukrainian)
France Avignon Abinyong – 아비뇽 (Korean*), Avenio (Latin*), Avignon (Croatian*, Dutch*, Finnish*, French*, German*, Romanian*), Avignone (Italian*), Avignoun (Provençal*), Avinhão (Portuguese*), Avinhon (Occitan*), AvinjonАвињон (Macedonian*, Serbian*, Bulgarian), Avinjono (Esperanto*), Aviñón (Spanish*), Aviņona (Latvian*), Avinyó (Catalan*), Avin'onАвиньон (Russian*), Āwéiníwēng – 阿維尼翁/阿维尼翁 (Chinese*), Awinion (Polish*)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Kyiv (Kiev) Travel Guide. Kiev?, Kyiv?! Which is right?". UA Zone.
  2. ^ Entry "Acra Leuce", in: William Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, illustrated by numerous engravings on wood. Walton and Maberly / John Murray, London 1854.